Plugin-ul de georeferențiere¶

Introduceți punctele de control din teren (GCPs)¶

1. To start georeferencing an unreferenced raster, we must load it using the button. The raster will show up in the main working area of the dialog. Once the raster is loaded, we can start to enter reference points.

2. Utilizând butonul ^{Add Point} , se adaugă puncte la suprafața principală de lucru și se introduc coordonatele lor ( vezi figura figure_georeferencer_2 ). Pentru această procedură aveți trei opțiuni:

   • Faceți clic pe un punct din imaginea raster și introduceți coordonatele X și Y manual.

   • Click on a point in the raster image and choose the ^{From map canvas} button to add the X and Y coordinates with the help of a georeferenced map already loaded in the QGIS map canvas.

   • Prin butonul , puteți muta GCP in ambele ferestre, dacă sunt în locul greșit.

3. Continue entering points. You should have at least four points, and the more coordinates you can provide, the better the result will be. There are additional tools on the plugin dialog to zoom and pan the working area in order to locate a relevant set of GCP points.

Figure Georeferencer 2:

Adăugare puncte la imaginea raster

The points that are added to the map will be stored in a separate text file ([filename].points) usually together with the raster image. This allows us to reopen the Georeferencer plugin at a later date and add new points or delete existing ones to optimize the result. The points file contains values of the form: mapX, mapY, pixelX, pixelY. You can use the ^{Load GCP points} and ^{Save GCP points as} buttons to manage the files.

Definirea setărilor de transformare¶

După ce ați adăugat GCP / Ground Control Point = Puncte de Control pe Teren, la imaginea raster, va trebui să definiți parametrii transformării pentru procesul de georeferențiere.

Figure Georeferencer 3:

Definirea setărilor de transformare ale georeferențiatorului

Algoritmi de transformare disponibili¶

Depending on how many ground control points you have captured, you may want to use different transformation algorithms. Choice of transformation algorithm is also dependent on the type and quality of input data and the amount of geometric distortion that you are willing to introduce to the final result.

În mod curent, sunt disponibile următoarele tipuri de transformări:

• The Linear algorithm is used to create a world file and is different from the other algorithms, as it does not actually transform the raster. This algorithm likely won’t be sufficient if you are dealing with scanned material.
• The Helmert transformation performs simple scaling and rotation transformations.
• The Polynomial algorithms 1-3 are among the most widely used algorithms introduced to match source and destination ground control points. The most widely used polynomial algorithm is the second-order polynomial transformation, which allows some curvature. First-order polynomial transformation (affine) preserves colliniarity and allows scaling, translation and rotation only.
• The Thin Plate Spline (TPS) algorithm is a more modern georeferencing method, which is able to introduce local deformations in the data. This algorithm is useful when very low quality originals are being georeferenced.

• Transformarea Projective efectuează translația și rotația liniară a coordonatelor.

Definire metodă de reeşantionare¶

Tipul de reeșantionarea pe care o alegeți va depinde în funcție de datele de intrare și de obiectivul final al exercițiului . Dacă nu doriți să modificați statistica imaginii , este posibil să doriți să alegeți ” Cel mai apropiat vecin ” , în timp ce un ” reeșantionare Cubică ” va oferi probabil un rezultat mai finisat .

It is possible to choose between five different resampling methods:

1. Cel mai apropiat vecin

2. Liniar

3. Cubic
4. Cubic Spline
5. Lanczos

Definiți setările de transformare¶

Există mai multe opțiuni care trebuie definite pentru grila de ieșire georeferentiată.

• The Create world file checkbox is only available if you decide to use the linear transformation type, because this means that the raster image actually won’t be transformed. In this case, the Output raster field is not activated, because only a new world file will be created.
• For all other transformation types, you have to define an Output raster. As default, a new file ([filename]_modified) will be created in the same folder together with the original raster image.
• As a next step, you have to define the Target SRS (Spatial Reference System) for the georeferenced raster (see Working with Projections).
• If you like, you can generate a pdf map and also a pdf report. The report includes information about the used transformation parameters, an image of the residuals and a list with all GCPs and their RMS errors.
• Furthermore, you can activate the Set Target Resolution checkbox and define the pixel resolution of the output raster. Default horizontal and vertical resolution is 1.
• The Use 0 for transparency when needed can be activated, if pixels with the value 0 shall be visualized transparent. In our example toposheet, all white areas would be transparent.
• Finally, Load in QGIS when done loads the output raster automatically into the QGIS map canvas when the transformation is done.

Afișarea și adaptarea proprietăților rasterului¶

Executând click pe eticheta ”Proprietăți raster” din meniul ”Setări” se deschide meniul proprietăți raster al stratului pe care doriți să îl georeferențiați.

Configurarea georeferențiatorului¶

• Puteți defini dacă să arătați coordonatele și/sau ID-urile GCP.

• Ca unități reziduale, se pot alege pixelii și unitățile de hartă.

• For the PDF report, a left and right margin can be defined and you can also set the paper size for the PDF map.
• Finally, you can activate to Show Georeferencer window docked.

Execuție transformare¶

After all GCPs have been collected and all transformation settings are defined, just press the ^{Start georeferencing} button to create the new georeferenced raster.