QGIS Documentation - en to nqo translation catalogue (32 entries)

en: Raster Data
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ

en: |gentlelogo|
nqo: |ߡߊ߬ߦߋ߬ߙߋ߲߬ߓߘߍ|

en: Objectives:
nqo: ߞߎ߲߭ ߠߎ߬:

en: Understand what raster data is and how it can be used in a GIS.
nqo: ߟߐ߲ߕߊߖߊߙߊ߲ ߛߓߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߢߊߦߋ ߘ.ߞ.ߞ (ߘߎ߱ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߬ ߞߊ߲ߞߋ) ߘߐ߫

en: Keywords:
nqo: ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲߫ ߞߟߏߡߊ ߟߎ߬:

en: Raster, Pixel, Remote Sensing, Satellite, Image, Georeference
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲߸ ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ߸ ߥߎߟߊߘߋߦߌ߸ ߞߐߓߌߟߊ߸ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߸ ߘߎ߰ߦߌߟߦߊ

en: Overview
nqo: ߟߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߟߌ ߦߋߟߌ

en: In the previous topics we have taken a closer look at vector data. While vector features use geometry (points, polylines and polygons) to represent the real world, raster data takes a different approach. Rasters are made up of a matrix of pixels (also called cells), each containing a value that represents the conditions for the area covered by that cell (see figure_raster_). In this topic we are going to take a closer look at raster data, when it is useful and when it makes more sense to use vector data.
nqo: ߊ߲ ߓߘߊ߫ ߊ߲ ߢߊ ߟߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߝߐߡߊ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߡߍ߲߬ ߠߎ߫ ߞߊ߲߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߘߐ߫. ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߣߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߐߦߌߘߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߢߌߡߊ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߛߎ߲ߞߎ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߘߎ߰ߛߎߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߬ߘߌ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߦߏ߫ (ߕߏ߲ߘߋ߸ ߖߟߎ߬ߥߙߍ ߣߌ߫ ߣߐ߲߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ ߟߎ߬)߸ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߏ߬ ߢߊ. ߝߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐߞߍߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ ߥߙߍ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ( ߊ߰ ߝߐ߫ ߟߴߏ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߫ ߡߊ߬ ߌߞߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߝߏߋ߫)߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߞߋ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߞߋ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߠߊ ߓߍ߯ ߣߌ߫ ߡߐ߬ߟߐ߲߬ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߠߋ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߊ߬ ߓߋ߬ ߦߙߐ ߟߌ߬ߤߟߊ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ (ߣߌ߲߬ ߝߟߍ߫ ߢߊߕߍ߮_ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲_). ߊ߲ ߞߍߕߐ߫ ߊ߲ ߘߊ ߟߊߛߋ߬ߦߌ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߠߎ߫ ߟߋ߫ ߡߊ߬ ߣߌ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߦߙߐ ߣߝߊ߬ߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߢߊ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߞߐ߫.

en: A raster dataset is composed of rows (running across) and columns (running down) of pixels (also know as cells). Each pixel represents a geographical region, and the value in that pixel represents some characteristic of that region.
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲ ߕߏߟߏ߲ ߛߏ߯ߙߏߣߍ߲ ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ (ߘߋ߲ߞߊ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߡߊ) ߛߌ߬ߕߊ߬ߙߌ (ߘߐ߬ߕߍ߰ߟߊ) ߣߌ߫ ߛߡߊ߬ߛߋ߲ (ߘߐ߬ߞߊ߲߬ߞߊ߲߬ߠߊ) ߟߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ ߏ߬ ߞߋ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߞߋ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߠߊ ߓߍ߯ ߦߴߊ߬ ߕߊ ߦߌߟߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߢߊ ߡߊ߬ ߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߦߌߟߊ ߏ߬ ߟߌ߬ߤߟߊ ߘߏ߫ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ ߢߊ ߡߍ߲.

en: Raster data in detail
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߕߐ߬ߝߍ߬ߦߊ ߘߐ߫

en: Raster data is used in a GIS application when we want to display information that is continuous across an area and cannot easily be divided into vector features. When we introduced you to vector data we showed you the image in figure_landscape_. Point, polyline and polygon features work well for representing some features on this landscape, such as trees, roads and building footprints. Other features on a landscape can be more difficult to represent using vector features. For example the grasslands shown have many variations in colour and density of cover. It would be easy enough to make a single polygon around each grassland area, but a lot of the information about the grassland would be lost in the process of simplifying the features to a single polygon. This is because when you give a vector feature attribute values, they apply to the whole feature, so vectors aren't very good at representing features that are not homogeneous (entirely the same) all over. Another approach you could take is to digitise every small variation of grass colour and cover as a separate polygon. The problem with that approach is that it will take a huge amount of work in order to create a good vector dataset.
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߘ.ߞ.ߞ ߘߐ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߡߐ߰ ߦߋ߫ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߫ ߝߍ߲߬ߛߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߟߐ߲߫ ߞߏ ߘߐ߫ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߣߴߏ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߘߐߕߍ߰ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߦߋߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߲ ߞߊ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߞߏߝߐ߫ ߝߟߐ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߊߟߎ߫ ߢߍ߫ ߊ߬ ߟߊߟߐ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ ߘߌ߫ ߦߊ߲߬ ߠߋ߬ ߢߊߕߍ_ߝߊ߲߬ߕߙߊ_. ߕߏ߲ߘߋ߸ ߖߟߎ߬ߥߙߍ ߣߌ߫ ߣߐ߲߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ ߦߋߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߕߙߊ ߦߋߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߢߊ߬߸ ߦߏ߫ ߦߙߌ߸ ߛߌߟߊ ߣߌ߫ ߓߏ߲ ߠߎ߬. ߦߋߝߋ߲߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߕߙߊ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߡߊ߲߫ ߘߌ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߘߐ߫. ߡߌ߬ߛߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߟߍߟߋ߲ ߠߊߟߐ߲߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߟߐ߬ ߥߙߍ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߐߟߌ ߡߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߢߊ߫. ߣߐ߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ ߕߍ߱ ߟߍߟߋ߲ ߞߋ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߞߋ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߠߊ ߡߊ߬ ߏ߬ ߣߐ߰ߡߊ߲߬ ߖߐ߫ ߒ߬ߞߊ߬ ߟߍߟߋ߲ ߓߐ߬ߣߐ߬ߕߐ߫ ߟߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߊ߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߘߍ߭ ߕߎߡߊ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߞߍ߫ ߣߐ߲߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ߬ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߔߋ߫ ߘߌ߫. ߏ ߞߎ߲߭ ߠߋ߬ ߓߊ ߣߴߌ ߞߊ߬ ߡߐ߬ߟߐ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߦߋߝߋ߲ ߏ߬ ߘߏ߫ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߟߊ߲߬ߓߋ߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߟߊ߫ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߕߍ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߝߋ߲߫ ߢߣߊߓߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ (ߣߴߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߛߎ߯ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߣߌ߲߬). ߌ ߘߌ߫ ߛߴߊ߬ ߞߍߢߊ߫ ߜߘߍ ߡߍ߲ ߠߊ߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߓߌ߲ ߞߐ߬ߟߐ ߟߊ߫ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߣߐ߬ߣߐ ߘߌ߫ ߞߵߏ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߞߍ߫ ߊ߬ ߕߊ߫ ߣߐ߲߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ ߘߊ߲߬ߣߊߕߍ߰ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߞߍߢߊ ߣߌ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߝߍ߭ ߟߴߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߟߊ߫ ߓߏ߲߬ߧߊ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߕߏߟߏ߲߫ ߓߘߍ ߘߏ߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߌ߫.

en: Some features on a landscape are easy to represent as points, polylines and polygons (e.g. trees, roads, houses). In other cases it can be difficult. For example how would you represent the grasslands? As polygons? What about the variations in colour you can see in the grass? When you are trying to represent large areas with continuously changing values, raster data can be a better choice.
nqo: ߝߊ߲߬ߕߙߊ ߟߊ߫ ߦߋߝߋ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߫ ߣߐ߰ߡߊ߲߬ ߕߏ߲ߘߋ ߘߌ߫߸ ߖߟߎ߬ߥߙߍ ߣߌ߫ ߣߐ߲߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫ (ߡߌ߬ߛߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߘߐ߫: ߦߙߌ߸ ߛߌߟߊ߸ ߓߏ߲). ߞߏ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߜߟߍ߬ߦߊ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߏ ߡߌ߬ߛߊ߬ߟߌ ߝߊ߲߬ߕߙߊ ߛߋߕߐ߫ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߣߐ߲߬ߞߐ߲߬ߥߙߍ ߘߐ߫؟ ߞߐ߬ߟߐ ߟߊߓߐߢߐ߲߯ߡߦߊ ߓߍ߯ ߛߋߕߐ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߌ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߘߌ߬؟ ߣߴߌ ߦߴߊ߬ ߝߍ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߞߣߍ߫ ߓߟߋߓߟߋ ߝߍ߲߬ߛߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߞߐߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߝߊ߲߭ ߠߎ߬ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߕߏ߫ ߢߐ߲߮ ߡߊ߬߸ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߛߎߥߊ߲ߘߌߕߊ ߓߘߍ ߘߌ߫ ߏ߬ ߦߌߟߊ ߘߐ߫.

en: Georeferencing
nqo: ߘߎ߰ߦߌߟߦߊߟߌ

en: Sources of raster data
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߛߎ߲

en: Spatial Resolution
nqo: ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲ ߦߋߓߍ߲

en: Every raster layer in a GIS has pixels (cells) of a fixed size that determine its spatial resolution. This becomes apparent when you look at an image at a small scale (see figure_raster_small_scale_) and then zoom in to a large scale (see figure_raster_large_scale_).
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲ ߝߣߍ߬ߝߣߍ ߓߍ߯ ߣߵߊ߬ ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ ߢߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߦߴߊ߬ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ ߦߋߓߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߘ.ߞ.ߞ ߘߐ߫. ߣߌ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߴߌ ߢߣߊ߫ ߔߊߞߌߛߊ ߘߌ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐߜߍ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ (ߏ߬ ߝߟߍ߫ ߢߊߕߍ߮_ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲_ߘߐ߰ߡߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲_ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊߟߊ߲_) ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ߞߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߍ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߊ߫ (ߏ߬ ߝߟߍ߫ ߢߊߕߍ߮_ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲_ߓߏ߲߬ߓߊ_ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊߟߊ߲_).

en: This satellite image looks good when using a small scale...
nqo: ߞߐߓߌߟߊ߫ ߖߌߦߊ ߣߌ߲߬ ߘߐߜߍ ߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߛߊ߬ߞߊ߲߬ߟߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫...

en: ...but when viewed at a large scale you can see the individual pixels that the image is composed of.
nqo: ...ߒ߬ߞߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߦߋߘߊ ߦߋ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߌ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ ߛߏ߯ߏߣߍ߲߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫.

en: Spectral resolution
nqo: ߞߟߐ߬ߘߐ ߦߋߓߍ߲

en: Raster to vector conversion
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲ ߘߐ߫

en: Vector to raster conversion
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߡߊ߲߮ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߖߊߙߊ߲ ߘߐ߫

en: What have we learned?
nqo: ߒ߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߡߎ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬؟

en: Raster data are a grid of regularly sized **pixels.**
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߦߋ߫ ߢߊ߲ߛߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߞߢߊ߫ ߖߐ߲߫ **ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ**.

en: Raster data are good for showing **continually varying information.**
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߋ߬ **ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߬ ߘߊߓߊ߲ߣߍ߲ ߕߎ߲߬ߣߍ߲߬ߢߐ߲߰ߠߊ** ߟߊߟߐ߲ ߘߐ߫

en: The size of pixels in a raster determines its **spatial resolution.**
nqo: ߦߋߕߊߞߏߋ ߢߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߲߬ߣߊߕߍ߰ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߘߐ߫ **ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ ߦߋߓߍ߲** ߠߋ߬ ߓߟߏ߫

en: Raster images can contain one or more **bands**, each covering the same spatial area, but containing different information.
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߛߏ߯ߙߏ߫ ߟߊ߫ **ߡߙߎߝߋ** ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߥߟߴߊ߬ ߥߙߍ ߟߊ߫߸ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߞߣߍ ߝߊ߲߭ ߓߍ߯ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߒ߬ߞߊ߬ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߬ ߛߎ߯ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߕߍ߫.

en: When raster data contains bands from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, they are called **multi-spectral images**.
nqo: ߣߌ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߛߏ߯ߙߏߣߍ߲ ߡߙߎߝߋ ߥߙߍ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߰ߡߊ ߟߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߢߎߡߍߣߍ߯ߛߎߓߊ ߞߟߐ߬ߘߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߞߟߌ߫ ߞߏ߫ **ߞߟߐ߬ߘߐ߬ߥߙߍ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ ߟߎ߬**.

en: Three of the bands of a multi-spectral image can be shown in the colours Red, Green and Blue so that we can see them.
nqo: ߞߟߐ߬ߘߐ߬ߥߙߍ ߡߙߎߝߋ ߛߓߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߟߊߟߐ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߥߎ߬ߟߋ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߝߙߌߛߌ ߣߌ߫ ߓߊ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߖߐ߲߬ߛߊ߫ ߒ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߴߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊ߫.

en: Images with a single band are called grayscale images.
nqo: ߖߌ߬ߦߊ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߙߎߝߋ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߘߐ߫ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߝߎߛߋߞߊߓߋ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ ߟߎ߬.

en: Now you try!
nqo: ߌ ߘߐߜߍ߫ ߡߎ߬ߕߎ߲߬߹

en: **Website:** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS#Raster
nqo: **ߞߍߦߙߐ** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS#Raster

en: The QGIS User Guide also has more detailed information on working with raster data in QGIS.
nqo: ߖߘ.ߞ.ߞ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߞߊߘߊ߲ߓߐ ߝߣߊ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߝߎ߬ߟߋ߲߬ ߥߙߍ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߠߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߢߊ ߞߊ߲߬ ߖߘ.ߞ.ߞ ߘߐ߫.
