Основные инструменты¶

Комбинации клавиш¶

QGIS provides default keyboard shortcuts for many features. You can find them in section Главное меню. Additionally, the menu option Settings ‣ Configure Shortcuts.. allows you to change the default keyboard shortcuts and to add new keyboard shortcuts to QGIS features.

Figure Shortcuts 1:

Define shortcut options (Gnome)

Configuration is very simple. Just select a feature from the list and click on [Change], [Set none] or [Set default]. Once you have finished your configuration, you can save it as an XML file and load it to another QGIS installation.

Контекстная справка¶

When you need help on a specific topic, you can access context help via the [Help] button available in most dialogs — please note that third-party plugins can point to dedicated web pages.

Рендеринг¶

By default, QGIS renders all visible layers whenever the map canvas is refreshed. The events that trigger a refresh of the map canvas include:

добавление слоя
панорамирование или масштабирование
Resizing the QGIS window
включение или отключение слоя/слоёв в легенде

QGIS allows you to control the rendering process in a number of ways.

Видимость в пределах масштаба¶

Scale-dependent rendering allows you to specify the minimum and maximum scales at which a layer will be visible. To set scale-dependent rendering, open the Properties dialog by double-clicking on the layer in the legend. On the General tab, click on the Scale dependent visibility checkbox to activate the feature, then set the minimum and maximum scale values.

You can determine the scale values by first zooming to the level you want to use and noting the scale value in the QGIS status bar.

Управление отрисовкой карты¶

Map rendering can be controlled in the various ways, as described below.

Приостановка отрисовки¶

To suspend rendering, click the Render checkbox in the lower right corner of the status bar. When the Render checkbox is not checked, QGIS does not redraw the canvas in response to any of the events described in section Рендеринг. Examples of when you might want to suspend rendering include:

Adding many layers and symbolizing them prior to drawing
Adding one or more large layers and setting scale dependency before drawing
Adding one or more large layers and zooming to a specific view before drawing
комбинации вышеперечисленного

Включение флажка Отрисовка активирует отрисовку и немедленно обновляет содержимое карты.

Добавление невидимых слоёв¶

You can set an option to always load new layers without drawing them. This means the layer will be added to the map, but its visibility checkbox in the legend will be unchecked by default. To set this option, choose menu option Settings ‣ Options and click on the Rendering tab. Uncheck the By default new layers added to the map should be displayed checkbox. Any layer subsequently added to the map will be off (invisible) by default.

Отмена отрисовки¶

Чтобы остановить отрисовку карты нажмите ESC. Обновление карты будет отменено и она останется частично отрисованной. Между нажатием клавиши ESC и остановкой отрисовки может пройти некоторое время.

Примечание

It is currently not possible to stop rendering — this was disabled in the Qt4 port because of User Interface (UI) problems and crashes.

Updating the Map Display During Rendering¶

You can set an option to update the map display as features are drawn. By default, QGIS does not display any features for a layer until the entire layer has been rendered. To update the display as features are read from the datastore, choose menu option Settings ‣ Options and click on the Rendering tab. Set the feature count to an appropriate value to update the display during rendering. Setting a value of 0 disables update during drawing (this is the default). Setting a value too low will result in poor performance, as the map canvas is continually updated during the reading of the features. A suggested value to start with is 500.

Регулирование качества отрисовки¶

To influence the rendering quality of the map, you have two options. Choose menu option Settings ‣ Options, click on the Rendering tab and select or deselect following checkboxes:

Make lines appear less jagged at the expense of some drawing performance
Fix problems with incorrectly filled polygons

Speed-up rendering¶

There are two settings that allow you to improve rendering speed. Open the QGIS options dialog using Settings ‣ Options, go to the Rendering tab and select or deselect the following checkboxes:

Enable back buffer. This provides better graphics performance at the cost of losing the possibility to cancel rendering and incrementally draw features. If it is unchecked, you can set the Number of features to draw before updating the display, otherwise this option is inactive.
Use render caching where possible to speed up redraws

Измерения¶

Measuring works within projected coordinate systems (e.g., UTM) and unprojected data. If the loaded map is defined with a geographic coordinate system (latitude/longitude), the results from line or area measurements will be incorrect. To fix this, you need to set an appropriate map coordinate system (see section Работа с проекциями). All measuring modules also use the snapping settings from the digitizing module. This is useful, if you want to measure along lines or areas in vector layers.

To select a measuring tool, click on and select the tool you want to use.

Measure length, areas and angles¶

^{Measure Line}: QGIS is able to measure real distances between given points according to a defined ellipsoid. To configure this, choose menu option Settings ‣ Options, click on the Map tools tab and select the appropriate ellipsoid. There, you can also define a rubberband color and your preferred measurement units (meters or feet) and angle units (degrees, radians and gon). The tool then allows you to click points on the map. Each segment length, as well as the total, shows up in the measure window. To stop measuring, click your right mouse button. Note that you can interactively change the measurement units in the measurement dialog. It overrides the Preferred measurement units in the options. There is an info section in the dialog that shows which CRS settings are being used during measurement calculations.

Figure Measure 1:

Measure Distance (Gnome)

^{Measure Area}: Areas can also be measured. In the measure window, the accumulated area size appears. In addition, the measuring tool will snap to the currently selected layer, provided that layer has its snapping tolerance set (see section Настройка порога прилипания и радиуса поиска). So, if you want to measure exactly along a line feature, or around a polygon feature, first set its snapping tolerance, then select the layer. Now, when using the measuring tools, each mouse click (within the tolerance setting) will snap to that layer.

Figure Measure 2:

Measure Area (Gnome)

^{Measure Angle}: You can also measure angles. The cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first segment of the angle you wish to measure, then move the cursor to draw the desired angle. The measure is displayed in a pop-up dialog.

Figure Measure 3:

Measure Angle (Gnome)

Выбор объектов¶

The QGIS toolbar provides several tools to select features in the map canvas. To select one or several features, just click on and select your tool:

^{Select Single Feature}
^{Select Features by Rectangle}
^{Select Features by Polygon}
^{Select Features by Freehand}
^{Select Features by Radius}

To deselect all selected features click on ^{Deselect
features from all layers}.

^{Select feature using an expression} allow user to select feature using expression dialog. See Expressions chapter for some example.

Users can save features selection into a New Memory Vector Layer or a New Vector Layer using Edit ‣ Paste Feature as ... and choose the mode you want.

Идентификация объектов¶

The Identify tool allows you to interact with the map canvas and get information on features in a pop-up window. To identify features, use View ‣ Identify features or press Ctrl + Shift + I, or click on the ^{Identify features} icon in the toolbar.

If you click on several features, the Identify results dialog will list information about all the selected features. The first item is the number of the layer in the list of results, followed by the layer name. Then, its first child will be the name of a field with its value. The first field is the one selected in Properties ‣ Display. Finally, all information about the feature is displayed.

This window can be customized to display custom fields, but by default it will display three kinds of information:

Actions: Actions can be added to the identify feature windows. When clicking on the action label, action will be run. By default, only one action is added, to view feature form for editing.
Derived: This information is calculated or derived from other information. You can find clicked coordinate, X and Y coordinates, area in map units and perimeter in map units for polygons, length in map units for lines and feature ids.
Data attributes: This is the list of attribute fields from the data.

Figure Identify 1:

Identify feaures dialog (Gnome)

At the top of the window, you have five icons:

^{Expand tree}
^{Collapse tree}
^{Default behaviour}
^{Copy attributes}
^{Print selected HTML response}

At the bottom of the window, you have the Mode and View comboboxes. With the Mode combobox you can define the identify mode: ‘Current layer’, ‘Top down, stop at first’, ‘Top down’ and ‘Layer selection’. The View can be set as ‘Tree’, ‘Table’ and ‘Graph’.

The identify tool allows you to auto open a form. In this mode you can change the feautures attributes.

Other functions can be found in the context menu of the identified item. For example, from the context menu you can:

View the feature form
Увеличить до объекта
Copy feature: Copy all feature geometry and attributes
Toggle feature selection: adds identified feature to selection
Copy attribute value: Copy only the value of the attribute that you click on
Copy feature attributes: Copy only attributes
Clear result: Remove results in the window
Clear highlights: Remove features highlighted on the map
Подсветить всё
Подсветить всё в слое
Activate layer: Choose a layer to be activated
Layer properties: Open layer properties window
Развернуть всё
Свернуть всё

Оформление¶

The Decorations of QGIS include the Grid, the Copyright Label, the North Arrow and the Scale Bar. They are used to ‘decorate’ the map by adding cartographic elements.

Сетка¶

^Grid allows you to add a coordinate grid and coordinate annotations to the map canvas.

Figure Decorations 1:

The Grid Dialog

Выберите пункт меню Вид ‣ Оформление ‣ Сетка. Откроется диалог (см. figure_decorations_1).
Активируйте флажок Включить сетку и настройте её параметры.
Активируйте флажок Аннотация и настройте отображение подписей координат.
Click [Apply] to verify that it looks as expected.
Click [OK] to close the dialog.

Знак авторского права¶

^{Copyright label} adds a copyright label using the text you prefer to the map.

Figure Decorations 2:

The Copyright Dialog

Выберите пункт меню Вид ‣ Оформление ‣ Знак авторского права. Откроется диалог (см. figure_decorations_2).
Enter the text you want to place on the map. You can use HTML as shown in the example.
Choose the placement of the label from the Placement combo box.
Make sure the Enable Copyright Label checkbox is checked.
Click [OK].

In the example above, which is the default, QGIS places a copyright symbol followed by the date in the lower right-hand corner of the map canvas.

Указатель «север-юг»¶

^{North Arrow} places a simple north arrow on the map canvas. At present, there is only one style available. You can adjust the angle of the arrow or let QGIS set the direction automatically. If you choose to let QGIS determine the direction, it makes its best guess as to how the arrow should be oriented. For placement of the arrow, you have four options, corresponding to the four corners of the map canvas.

Figure Decorations 3:

The North Arrow Dialog

Масштабная линейка¶

^{Scale Bar} adds a simple scale bar to the map canvas. You can control the style and placement, as well as the labeling of the bar.

Figure Decorations 4:

The Scale Bar Dialog

QGIS only supports displaying the scale in the same units as your map frame. So if the units of your layers are in meters, you can’t create a scale bar in feet. Likewise, if you are using decimal degrees, you can’t create a scale bar to display distance in meters.

Для добавления масштабной линейки:

Select from menu View ‣ Decorations ‣ Scale Bar. The dialog starts (see figure_decorations_4).
Choose the placement from the Placement combo box.
Choose the style from the Scale bar style combo box.
Select the color for the bar Color of bar or use the default black color.
Set the size of the bar and its label Size of bar .
Make sure the Enable scale bar checkbox is checked.
Optionally, check Automatically snap to round number on resize.
Click [OK].

Совет

Настройки оформления

When you save a .qgs project, any changes you have made to Grid, North Arrow, Scale Bar and Copyright will be saved in the project and restored the next time you load the project.

Инструменты аннотации¶

The ^{Text Annotation} tool in the attribute toolbar provides the possibility to place formatted text in a balloon on the QGIS map canvas. Use the Text Annotation tool and click into the map canvas.

Figure annotation 1:

Annotation text dialog

Double clicking on the item opens a dialog with various options. There is the text editor to enter the formatted text and other item settings. For instance, there is the choice of having the item placed on a map position (displayed by a marker symbol) or to have the item on a screen position (not related to the map). The item can be moved by map position (by dragging the map marker) or by moving only the balloon. The icons are part of the GIS theme, and they are used by default in the other themes, too.

The ^{Move Annotation} tool allows you to move the annotation on the map canvas.

HTML-аннотация¶

The ^{Html Annotation} tools in the attribute toolbar provides the possibility to place the content of an html file in a balloon on the QGIS map canvas. Using the Html Annotation tool, click into the map canvas and add the path to the html file into the dialog.

SVG-аннотация¶

The ^{SVG Annotation} tool in the attribute toolbar provides the possibility to place an SVG symbol in a balloon on the QGIS map canvas. Using the SVG Annotation tool, click into the map canvas and add the path to the SVG file into the dialog.

Диалоговая аннотация¶

Additionally, you can also create your own annotation forms. The ^{Form Annotation} tool is useful to display attributes of a vector layer in a customized Qt Designer form (see figure_custom_annotation). This is similar to the designer forms for the Identify features tool, but displayed in an annotation item. Also see this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pDBuSbQ02o from Tim Sutton for more information.

Figure annotation 2:

Customized qt designer annotation form

Примечание

Нажатие Ctrl+T при активном инструменте аннотаций (переместить аннотацию, текстовая аннотация, диалоговая аннотация), инвертирует видимость существующих аннотаций.

Пространственные закладки¶

Spatial Bookmarks allow you to “bookmark” a geographic location and return to it later.

Создание закладки¶

Для создания закладки:

Масштабируйте или панорамируйте карту до интересующей вас территории.
Select the menu option View ‣ New Bookmark or press Ctrl-B.
введите описательное имя для закладки (до 255 символов)
Press Enter to add the bookmark or [Delete] to remove the bookmark.

Помните, что можно иметь множество закладок с одинаковыми названиями.

Работа с закладками¶

To use or manage bookmarks, select the menu option View ‣ Show Bookmarks. The Geospatial Bookmarks dialog allows you to zoom to or delete a bookmark. You cannot edit the bookmark name or coordinates.

Zooming to a Bookmark¶

From the Geospatial Bookmarks dialog, select the desired bookmark by clicking on it, then click [Zoom To]. You can also zoom to a bookmark by double-clicking on it.

Deleting a Bookmark¶

To delete a bookmark from the Geospatial Bookmarks dialog, click on it, then click [Delete]. Confirm your choice by clicking [Yes], or cancel the delete by clicking [No].

Import or export a bookmark¶

To share or transfer your bookmarks between computers you can use the Share pull down menu in the Geospatial Bookmarks dialog.

Встраиваемые проекты¶

If you want to embed content from other project files into your project, you can choose Layer ‣ Embed Layers and Groups.

Встраивание слоёв¶

The following dialog allows you to embed layers from other projects. Here is a small example:

Press to look for another project from the Alaska dataset.
Select the project file grassland. You can see the content of the project (see figure_embed_dialog).
Press Ctrl and click on the layers grassland and regions. Press [OK]. The selected layers are embedded in the map legend and the map view now.

Figure Nesting 1:

Select layers and groups to embed

While the embedded layers are editable, you can’t change their properties like style and labeling.

Removing embedded layers¶

Right-click on the embedded layer and choose ^Remove.

Содержание

Основные инструменты¶

Комбинации клавиш¶

Контекстная справка¶

Рендеринг¶

Видимость в пределах масштаба¶

Управление отрисовкой карты¶

Приостановка отрисовки¶

Добавление невидимых слоёв¶

Отмена отрисовки¶

Updating the Map Display During Rendering¶

Регулирование качества отрисовки¶

Speed-up rendering¶

Измерения¶

Measure length, areas and angles¶

Выбор объектов¶

Идентификация объектов¶

Оформление¶

Сетка¶

Знак авторского права¶

Указатель «север-юг»¶

Масштабная линейка¶

Инструменты аннотации¶

HTML-аннотация¶

SVG-аннотация¶

Диалоговая аннотация¶

Пространственные закладки¶

Создание закладки¶

Работа с закладками¶

Zooming to a Bookmark¶

Deleting a Bookmark¶

Import or export a bookmark¶

Встраиваемые проекты¶

Встраивание слоёв¶

Removing embedded layers¶